The wholesale and retail sector serves as a vital intermediary between producers and consumers, ensuring the efficient flow of goods. However, high-volume consumption patterns significantly impact society and the environment, particularly in countries where products are sourced and discarded. Due to their strategic position within the value chain and rapid transformation driven by e-commerce, digitalisation, and increased attention towards sustainability, wholesale and retail companies have the power to drive sustainable practices and influence consumer behaviour.

This report, developed as part of the Ocean Impact Initiative, examines the environmental pressures of the wholesale and retail sector and highlights best practices to reduce its environmental footprint, with a focus on the indirect impact on marine and coastal ecosystems. The review focuses on key industry segments such as grocery stores, fashion and apparel retailers, online marketplaces, electronics retailers, and home goods stores, reflecting the broad scope of the sector.

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Potential impacts of the wholesale and retail industry on the ocean

• Marine litter: The sector generates a significant amount of commercial waste—including packaging, food waste, e-waste, and operational waste—that, if mismanaged, can enter the ocean, posing threats to marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

• Greenhouse gas emissions: The sector’s energy-intensive operations, heavy logistics, and complex supply chains contribute significantly to GHG emissions, affecting ocean health.

Sustainable practices to mitigate the sector’s Impact

• Optimise packaging design, switch to biodegradable materials, and implement circular economy strategies to minimise waste generation.

• Adopt energy-efficient technologies, source renewable energy, apply green building standards, and shift to cleaner transport options such as electric vehicles and alternative fuels to lower GHG emissions.

This review underscores the contribution of One Ocean Foundation to foster sustainable growth in the wholesale and retail industry while safeguarding marine ecosystems.